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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <title>The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date</title> <link href="index.en.html" rel="start"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="prev"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="next"> <link href="index.en.html#contents" rel="contents"> <link href="index.en.html#copyright" rel="copyright"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html" rel="chapter" title="1 Definitions and overview"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html" rel="chapter" title="2 Getting and installing Debian GNU/Linux"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="3 Choosing a Debian distribution"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html" rel="chapter" title="4 Compatibility issues"> <link href="ch-software.en.html" rel="chapter" title="5 Software available in the Debian system"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html" rel="chapter" title="6 The Debian FTP archives"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html" rel="chapter" title="7 Basics of the Debian package management system"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html" rel="chapter" title="8 The Debian package management tools"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html" rel="chapter" title="9 Keeping your Debian system up-to-date"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html" rel="chapter" title="10 Debian and the kernel"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="11 Customizing your Debian GNU/Linux system"> <link href="ch-support.en.html" rel="chapter" title="12 Getting support for Debian GNU/Linux"> <link href="ch-contributing.en.html" rel="chapter" title="13 Contributing to the Debian Project"> <link href="ch-redistrib.en.html" rel="chapter" title="14 Redistributing Debian GNU/Linux in a commercial product"> <link href="ch-nexttime.en.html" rel="chapter" title="15 Changes expected in the next major release of Debian"> <link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html" rel="chapter" title="16 General information about the FAQ"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisfaq" rel="section" title="1.1 What is this FAQ?"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-whatisdebian" rel="section" title="1.2 What is Debian GNU/Linux?"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-linux" rel="section" title="1.3 OK, now I know what Debian is... what is Linux?!"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-non-linux" rel="section" title="1.4 Does Debian just do GNU/Linux?"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-difference" rel="section" title="1.5 What is the difference between Debian GNU/Linux and other Linux distributions? Why should I choose Debian over some other distribution?"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-gnu" rel="section" title="1.6 How does the Debian project fit in or compare with the Free Software Foundation's GNU project?"> <link href="ch-basic_defs.en.html#s-pronunciation" rel="section" title="1.7 How does one pronounce Debian and what does this word mean?"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-version" rel="section" title="2.1 What is the latest version of Debian?"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-updatestable" rel="section" title="2.2 Are there package upgrades in `stable'?"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-inst-disks" rel="section" title="2.3 Where/how can I get the Debian installation images?"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdrom" rel="section" title="2.4 How do I install Debian from CD-ROMs?"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-cdimage-symlinks" rel="section" title="2.5 Why does the official stable released CD-ROM contain symlinks for `frozen' and `unstable'? I thought this CD contains just `stable'!"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-remoteinstall" rel="section" title="2.6 Can I get and install Debian directly from a remote Internet site?"> <link href="ch-getting.en.html#s-alternativebootinstaller" rel="section" title="2.7 Are there any alternative strategies for booting the system installer?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1" rel="section" title="3.1 Which Debian distribution (stable/testing/unstable) is better for me?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2" rel="section" title="3.2 But what about Knoppix, Linux Mint Debian Edition, Ubuntu, and others?"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-arches" rel="section" title="4.1 On what hardware architectures/systems does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-kernels" rel="section" title="4.2 What kernels does Debian GNU/Linux run?"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherdistribs" rel="section" title="4.3 How compatible is Debian with other distributions of Linux?"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherunices" rel="section" title="4.4 How source code compatible is Debian with other Unix systems?"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-otherpackages" rel="section" title="4.5 Can I use Debian packages (".deb" files) on my Red Hat/Slackware/... Linux system? Can I use Red Hat packages (".rpm" files) on my Debian GNU/Linux system?"> <link href="ch-compat.en.html#s-non-debian-programs" rel="section" title="4.6 How should I install a non-Debian program?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-apps" rel="section" title="5.1 What types of applications and development software are available for Debian GNU/Linux?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-softwareauthors" rel="section" title="5.2 Who wrote all that software?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-pkglist" rel="section" title="5.3 How can I get a current list of programs that have been packaged for Debian?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-buildenv" rel="section" title="5.4 How can I install a developer's environment to build packages?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-missing" rel="section" title="5.5 What is missing from Debian GNU/Linux?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-no-devs" rel="section" title="5.6 Why do I get "ld: cannot find -lfoo" messages when compiling programs? Why aren't there any libfoo.so files in Debian library packages?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-java" rel="section" title="5.7 (How) Does Debian support Java?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-isitdebian" rel="section" title="5.8 How can I check that I am using a Debian system, and what version it is?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonenglish" rel="section" title="5.9 How does Debian support non-English languages?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-qmail" rel="section" title="5.10 Where is ezmlm/djbdns/qmail?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-flash" rel="section" title="5.11 Where is a player for Flash (SWF)?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-googleearth" rel="section" title="5.12 Where is Google Earth?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-voip" rel="section" title="5.13 Where is VoIP software?"> <link href="ch-software.en.html#s-nonfreewireless" rel="section" title="5.14 I have a wireless network card which doesn't work with Linux. What should I do?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dists" rel="section" title="6.1 How many Debian distributions are there?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-codenames" rel="section" title="6.2 What are all those names like etch, lenny, etc.?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sid" rel="section" title="6.3 What about "sid"?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-stable" rel="section" title="6.4 What does the stable directory contain?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-testing" rel="section" title="6.5 What does the testing distribution contain?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-unstable" rel="section" title="6.6 What does the unstable distribution contain?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-dirtree" rel="section" title="6.7 What are all those directories at the Debian FTP archives?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-archsections" rel="section" title="6.8 What are all those directories inside dists/stable/main?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-source" rel="section" title="6.9 Where is the source code?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-pools" rel="section" title="6.10 What's in the pool directory?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-incoming" rel="section" title="6.11 What is "incoming"?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-ownrepository" rel="section" title="6.12 How do I set up my own apt-able repository?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-package" rel="section" title="7.1 What is a Debian package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-deb-format" rel="section" title="7.2 What is the format of a Debian binary package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgname" rel="section" title="7.3 Why are Debian package file names so long?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-controlfile" rel="section" title="7.4 What is a Debian control file?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-conffile" rel="section" title="7.5 What is a Debian conffile?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-maintscripts" rel="section" title="7.6 What is a Debian preinst, postinst, prerm, and postrm script?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-priority" rel="section" title="7.7 What is an Essential, Required, Important, Standard, Optional, or Extra package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-virtual" rel="section" title="7.8 What is a Virtual Package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-depends" rel="section" title="7.9 What is meant by saying that a package Depends, Recommends, Suggests, Conflicts, Replaces, Breaks or Provides another package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pre-depends" rel="section" title="7.10 What is meant by Pre-Depends?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-pkgstatus" rel="section" title="7.11 What is meant by unknown, install, remove, purge and hold in the package status?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-puttingonhold" rel="section" title="7.12 How do I put a package on hold?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcepkgs" rel="section" title="7.13 How do I install a source package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-sourcebuild" rel="section" title="7.14 How do I build binary packages from a source package?"> <link href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html#s-creatingdebs" rel="section" title="7.15 How do I create Debian packages myself?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-pkgprogs" rel="section" title="8.1 What programs does Debian provide for managing its packages?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-updaterunning" rel="section" title="8.2 Debian claims to be able to update a running program; how is this accomplished?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-whatpackages" rel="section" title="8.3 How can I tell what packages are already installed on a Debian system?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-listfiles" rel="section" title="8.4 How do I display the files of an installed package?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-filesearch" rel="section" title="8.5 How can I find out what package produced a particular file?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-datapackages" rel="section" title="8.6 Why is `foo-data' not removed when I uninstall `foo'? How do I make sure old unused library-packages get purged?"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-howtocurrent" rel="section" title="9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-upgradesingle" rel="section" title="9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-savedebs" rel="section" title="9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-keepingalog" rel="section" title="9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when upgrades and removals have occurred and on which packages!"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-autoupdate" rel="section" title="9.5 Can I automatically update the system?"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptcacher" rel="section" title="9.6 I have several machines; how can I download the updates only one time?"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-non-debian-kernel" rel="section" title="10.1 Can I install and compile a kernel without some Debian-specific tweaking?"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-customkernel" rel="section" title="10.2 What tools does Debian provide to build custom kernels?"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-modules" rel="section" title="10.3 What special provisions does Debian provide to deal with modules?"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-removeoldkernel" rel="section" title="10.4 Can I safely de-install an old kernel package, and if so, how?"> <link href="ch-kernel.en.html#s-moreinfo" rel="section" title="10.5 Where can I get more information about Linux packages for Debian?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-papersize" rel="section" title="11.1 How can I ensure that all programs use the same paper size?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-hardwareaccess" rel="section" title="11.2 How can I provide access to hardware peripherals, without compromising security?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-consolefont" rel="section" title="11.3 How do I load a console font on startup the Debian way?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-appdefaults" rel="section" title="11.4 How can I configure an X11 program's application defaults?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-booting" rel="section" title="11.5 How does a Debian system boot?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-sysvinit" rel="section" title="11.6 And how about Debian and traditional System V init?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-altboot" rel="section" title="11.7 And are there yet other ways of booting a Debian system?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-interconffiles" rel="section" title="11.8 How does the package management system deal with packages that contain configuration files for other packages?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-divert" rel="section" title="11.9 How do I override a file installed by a package, so that a different version can be used instead?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-localpackages" rel="section" title="11.10 How can I have my locally-built package included in the list of available packages that the package management system knows about?"> <link href="ch-customizing.en.html#s-diverse" rel="section" title="11.11 Some users like mawk, others like gawk; some like vim, others like elvis; some like trn, others like tin; how does Debian support diversity?"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s-debiandocs" rel="section" title="12.1 What other documentation exists on and for a Debian system?"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s-onlineresources" rel="section" title="12.2 Are there any on-line resources for discussing Debian?"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s-searchtools" rel="section" title="12.3 Is there a quick way to search for information on Debian GNU/Linux?"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s-buglogs" rel="section" title="12.4 Are there logs of known bugs?"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s-bugreport" rel="section" title="12.5 How do I report a bug in Debian?"> <link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contrib" rel="section" title="13.1 How can I become a Debian member/Debian developer?"> <link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-contribresources" rel="section" title="13.2 How can I contribute resources to the Debian project?"> <link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-supportingorganizations" rel="section" title="13.3 How can I contribute financially to the Debian project?"> <link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-sellcds" rel="section" title="14.1 Can I make and sell Debian CDs?"> <link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-packagednonfree" rel="section" title="14.2 Can Debian be packaged with non-free software?"> <link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-childistro" rel="section" title="14.3 I am making a special Linux distribution for a "vertical market". Can I use Debian GNU/Linux for the guts of a Linux system and add my own applications on top of it?"> <link href="ch-redistrib.en.html#s-commercialdebs" rel="section" title="14.4 Can I put my commercial program in a Debian "package" so that it installs effortlessly on any Debian system?"> <link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-hardening" rel="section" title="15.1 Hardening the system"> <link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-i18n" rel="section" title="15.2 Extended support for non-English users"> <link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-di" rel="section" title="15.3 Improvements in the Debian Installer"> <link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morearches" rel="section" title="15.4 More architectures"> <link href="ch-nexttime.en.html#s-morekernels" rel="section" title="15.5 More kernels"> <link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors" rel="section" title="16.1 Authors"> <link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-feedback" rel="section" title="16.2 Feedback"> <link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-latest" rel="section" title="16.3 Availability"> <link href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-docformat" rel="section" title="16.4 Document format"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.1" rel="subsection" title="3.1.1 You asked me to install stable, but in stable so and so hardware is not detected/working. What should I do?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.2" rel="subsection" title="3.1.2 Will there be different versions of packages in different distributions?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.3" rel="subsection" title="3.1.3 The stable distributions really contains outdated packages. Just look at Kde, Gnome, Xorg or even the kernel. They are very old. Why is it so?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.4" rel="subsection" title="3.1.4 If I were to decide to change to another distribution, can I do that?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.5" rel="subsection" title="3.1.5 Could you tell me whether to install stable, testing or unstable?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.6" rel="subsection" title="3.1.6 You are talking about testing being broken. What do you mean by that?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.7" rel="subsection" title="3.1.7 Why is it that testing could be broken for months? Won't the fixes introduced in unstable flow directly down into testing?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.8" rel="subsection" title="3.1.8 From an administrator's point of view, which distribution requires more attention?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.9" rel="subsection" title="3.1.9 What happens when a new release is made?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.10" rel="subsection" title="3.1.10 I have a working Desktop/cluster with Debian installed. How do I know which distribution I am running?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.11" rel="subsection" title="3.1.11 I am currently tracking stable. Can I change to testing or unstable? If so, how?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.12" rel="subsection" title="3.1.12 I am currently tracking testing (buster). What will happen when a release is made? Will I still be tracking testing or will my machine be running the new stable distribution?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.1.13" rel="subsection" title="3.1.13 I am still confused. What did you say I should install?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.1" rel="subsection" title="3.2.1 I know that Knoppix/Linux Mint Debian Edition/Ubuntu/... is Debian-based. So after installing it on the hard disk, can I use 'apt' package tools on it?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.2" rel="subsection" title="3.2.2 I installed Knoppix/Linux Mint Debian Edition/Ubuntu/... on my hard disk. Now I have a problem. What should I do?"> <link href="ch-choosing.en.html#s3.2.3" rel="subsection" title="3.2.3 I'm using Knoppix/LMDE/Ubuntu/... and now I want to use Debian. How do I migrate?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-oldcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-sourceforcodenames" rel="subsection" title="6.2.2 Where do these codenames come from?"> <link href="ch-ftparchives.en.html#s-frozen" rel="subsection" title="6.5.1 What about "testing"? How is it `frozen'?"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg" rel="subsection" title="8.1.1 dpkg"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get" rel="subsection" title="8.1.2 APT"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude" rel="subsection" title="8.1.3 aptitude"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-synaptic" rel="subsection" title="8.1.4 synaptic"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-tasksel" rel="subsection" title="8.1.5 tasksel"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-extra" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6 Other package management tools"> <link href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-dpkg-deb" rel="subsection" title="8.1.6.1 dpkg-deb"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-aptitude-upgrade" rel="subsection" title="9.1.1 aptitude"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-apt" rel="subsection" title="9.1.2 apt-get and apt-cdrom"> <link href="ch-uptodate.en.html#s-mirror" rel="subsection" title="9.1.3 mirror"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.1" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1 Mailing lists"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s-mailinglistconduct" rel="subsection" title="12.2.1.1 What is the code of conduct for the mailing lists?"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.2" rel="subsection" title="12.2.2 Web forums"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.3" rel="subsection" title="12.2.3 Wiki"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.4" rel="subsection" title="12.2.4 Maintainers"> <link href="ch-support.en.html#s12.2.5" rel="subsection" title="12.2.5 Usenet newsgroups"> <link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-SPI" rel="subsection" title="13.3.1 Software in the Public Interest"> <link href="ch-contributing.en.html#s-TrustedOrgs" rel="subsection" title="13.3.2 Other organizations"> </head> <body> <p><a name="ch-uptodate"></a></p> <hr> <p> [ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] [ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] [ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] [ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] [ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] [ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] [ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] [ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] [ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] [ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] [ 9 ] [ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] [ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] [ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] [ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] [ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] [ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] [ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] [ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] </p> <hr> <h1> The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ <br>Chapter 9 - Keeping your Debian system up-to-date </h1> <hr> <p> One of Debian's goals is to provide a consistent upgrade path and a secure upgrade process. We always do our best to make upgrading to new releases a smooth procedure. In case there's some important note to add to the upgrade process, the packages will alert the user, and often provide a solution to a possible problem. </p> <p> You should also read the Release Notes document that describes the details of specific upgrades. It is available on the Debian website at <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes</a></code> and is also shipped on the Debian CDs, DVDs and Blu-ray discs. </p> <hr> <h2 id="s-howtocurrent">9.1 How can I keep my Debian system current?</h2> <p> One could simply execute an anonymous ftp call to a Debian archive, then peruse the directories until one finds the desired file, and then fetch it, and finally install it using <samp>dpkg</samp>. Note that <samp>dpkg</samp> will install upgrade files in place, even on a running system. Sometimes, a revised package will require the installation of a newly revised version of another package, in which case the installation will fail until/unless the other package is installed. </p> <p> Many people find this approach much too time-consuming, since Debian evolves so quickly -- typically, a dozen or more new packages are uploaded every week. This number is larger just before a new major release. To deal with this avalanche, many people prefer to use a more automated method. Several different packages are available for this purpose: </p> <hr> <h3 id="s-aptitude-upgrade">9.1.1 aptitude</h3> <p> <code>aptitude</code> is the recommended package manager for Debian GNU/Linux systems, and is described in <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-aptitude">aptitude, Section 8.1.3</a>. </p> <p> Before you can use <code>aptitude</code> to make an upgrade, you'll have to edit the <samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up. If you wish to upgrade to the latest stable version of Debian, you'll probably want to use a source like this one: </p> <pre> http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib </pre> <p> You can replace ftp.us.debian.org (the mirror in the United States) with the name of a faster Debian mirror near you. See the mirror list at <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list">http://www.debian.org/mirror/list</a></code> for more information. </p> <p> Or you can use the redirector service httpredir.debian.org which aims to solve the problem of choosing a Debian mirror. It uses the geographic location of the user and other information to choose the best mirror that can serve the files. To take advantage of it use a source like this one: </p> <pre> http://httpredir.debian.org/debian stable main contrib </pre> <p> More details on this can be found in the <code>sources.list(5)</code> manual page. </p> <p> To update your system from the command line, run </p> <pre> aptitude update </pre> <p> followed by </p> <pre> aptitude full-upgrade </pre> <p> Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. </p> <p> Note that <code>aptitude</code> is not the recommended tool for doing upgrades from one Debian GNU/Linux release to another. Use <code>apt-get</code> instead. For upgrades between releases you should read the <code><a href="http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes">Release Notes</a></code>. This document describes in detail the recommended steps for upgrades from previous releases as well as known issues you should consider before upgrading. </p> <p> For details, see the manual page <code>aptitude(8)</code>, and the file <code>/usr/share/aptitude/README</code>. </p> <hr> <h3 id="s-apt">9.1.2 apt-get and apt-cdrom</h3> <p> An alternative to <code>aptitude</code> is <code>apt-get</code> which is an APT-based command-line tool (described previously in <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 8.1.2</a>). </p> <p> <code>apt-get</code>, the APT-based command-line tool for handling packages, provides a simple, safe way to install and upgrade packages. </p> <p> To use <code>apt-get</code>, edit the <samp>/etc/apt/sources.list</samp> file to set it up, just as for <a href="#s-aptitude-upgrade">aptitude, Section 9.1.1</a>. </p> <p> Then run </p> <pre> apt-get update </pre> <p> followed by </p> <pre> apt-get dist-upgrade </pre> <p> Answer any questions that might come up, and your system will be upgraded. See also the <code>apt-get(8)</code> manual page, as well as <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html#s-apt-get">APT, Section 8.1.2</a>. </p> <p> If you want to use CDs/DVDs/BDs to install packages, you can use <code>apt-cdrom</code>. For details, please see the Release Notes, section "Adding APT sources from optical media". </p> <p> Please note that when you get and install the packages, you'll still have them kept in your /var directory hierarchy. To keep your partition from overflowing, remember to delete extra files using <samp>apt-get clean</samp> and <samp>apt-get autoclean</samp>, or to move them someplace else (hint: use <code>apt-move</code>). </p> <hr> <h3 id="s-mirror">9.1.3 mirror</h3> <p> This Perl script, and its (optional) manager program called <code>mirror-master</code>, can be used to fetch user-specified parts of a directory tree from a specified host <em>via</em> anonymous FTP. </p> <p> <code>mirror</code> is particularly useful for downloading large volumes of software. After the first time files have been downloaded from a site, a file called <samp>.mirrorinfo</samp> is stored on the local host. Changes to the remote file system are tracked automatically by <code>mirror</code>, which compares this file to a similar file on the remote system and downloads only changed files. </p> <p> The <code>mirror</code> program is generally useful for updating local copies of remote directory trees. The files fetched need not be Debian files. (Since <code>mirror</code> is a Perl script, it can also run on non-Unix systems.) Though the <code>mirror</code> program provides mechanisms for excluding files with names matching user-specified strings, this program is most useful when the objective is to download whole directory trees, rather than selected packages. </p> <hr> <h2 id="s-upgradesingle">9.2 Must I go into single user mode in order to upgrade a package?</h2> <p> No. Packages can be upgraded in place, even in running systems. Debian has a <samp>start-stop-daemon</samp> program that is invoked to stop, then restart running process if necessary during a package upgrade. </p> <hr> <h2 id="s-savedebs">9.3 Do I have to keep all those .deb archive files on my disk?</h2> <p> No. If you have downloaded the files to your disk then after you have installed the packages, you can remove them from your system, e.g. by running <samp>aptitude clean</samp>. </p> <hr> <h2 id="s-keepingalog">9.4 How can I keep a log of the packages I added to the system? I'd like to know when upgrades and removals have occurred and on which packages!</h2> <p> Passing the <samp>--log</samp>-option to <code>dpkg</code> makes <code>dpkg</code> log status change updates and actions. It logs both the <code>dpkg</code>-invokation (e.g. </p> <pre> 2005-12-30 18:10:33 install hello 1.3.18 2.1.1-4 </pre> <p> ) and the results (e.g. </p> <pre> 2005-12-30 18:10:35 status installed hello 2.1.1-4 </pre> <p> ) If you'd like to log all your <code>dpkg</code> invocations (even those done using frontends like <code>aptitude</code>), you could add </p> <pre> log /var/log/dpkg.log </pre> <p> to your <code>/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg</code>. Be sure the created logfile gets rotated periodically. If you're using <code>logrotate</code>, this can be achieved by creating a file <code>/etc/logrotate.d/dpkg</code> with the following lines </p> <pre> /var/log/dpkg { missingok notifempty } </pre> <p> More details on <code>dpkg</code> logging can be found in the <code>dpkg(1)</code> manual page. </p> <p> <code>aptitude</code> logs the package installations, removals, and upgrades that it intends to perform to <code>/var/log/aptitude</code>. Note that the <em>results</em> of those actions are not recorded in this file! </p> <p> Another way to record your actions is to run your package management session within the <code>script(1)</code> program. </p> <hr> <h2 id="s-autoupdate">9.5 Can I automatically update the system?</h2> <p> Yes. You can use <code>cron-apt</code>; this tool updates the system at regular intervals using a cron job. By default it just updates the package list and downloads new packages, but without installing them. </p> <p> Note: Automatic upgrade of packages is <strong>NOT</strong> recommended in <em>testing</em> or <em>unstable</em> systems as this might bring unexpected behaviour and remove packages without notice. </p> <hr> <h2 id="s-aptcacher">9.6 I have several machines; how can I download the updates only one time?</h2> <p> If you have more than one Debian machine on your network, it is useful to use <code>apt-cacher</code> to keep all of your Debian systems up-to-date. </p> <p> <code>apt-cacher</code> reduces the bandwidth requirements of Debian mirrors by restricting the frequency of Packages, Releases and Sources file updates from the back end and only doing a single fetch for any file, independently of the actual request from the proxy. <code>apt-cacher</code> automatically builds a Debian HTTP mirror based on requests which pass through the proxy. </p> <p> Of course, you can get the same benefit if you are already using a standard caching proxy and all your systems are configured to use it. </p> <hr> <p> [ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">previous</a> ] [ <a href="index.en.html#contents">Contents</a> ] [ <a href="ch-basic_defs.en.html">1</a> ] [ <a href="ch-getting.en.html">2</a> ] [ <a href="ch-choosing.en.html">3</a> ] [ <a href="ch-compat.en.html">4</a> ] [ <a href="ch-software.en.html">5</a> ] [ <a href="ch-ftparchives.en.html">6</a> ] [ <a href="ch-pkg_basics.en.html">7</a> ] [ <a href="ch-pkgtools.en.html">8</a> ] [ 9 ] [ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">10</a> ] [ <a href="ch-customizing.en.html">11</a> ] [ <a href="ch-support.en.html">12</a> ] [ <a href="ch-contributing.en.html">13</a> ] [ <a href="ch-redistrib.en.html">14</a> ] [ <a href="ch-nexttime.en.html">15</a> ] [ <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html">16</a> ] [ <a href="ch-kernel.en.html">next</a> ] </p> <hr> <p> The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ </p> <address> version 9.0, 17 November 2018<br> <br> Authors are listed at <a href="ch-faqinfo.en.html#s-authors">Debian FAQ Authors</a><br> <br> </address> <hr> </body> </html>
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